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FAKTOR DALAMAN DAN LUARAN YANG MEMPENGARUHIPENGUKURAN INOVASI HIJAU DI KALANGAN KONTRAKTOR DIMALAYSIAABSTRAKKajian lepas telah membuktikan inovasi adalah kunci utama kepada kejayaansesebuah syarikat. Tetapi, sangat sedikit k!\iian tentang inovasi hijau yang dilakukandalam konteks kontraktor binaan di Malaysia. Objektif umum kajian ini adalah untukmenaksir takat daya inovatif hijau di kalangan kontraktor di Malaysia, serta untukmeneliti faktor dalaman dan luaran yang mempengaruhi daya inovatif hijau mereka.Kontraktor telah distratifikasi mengikut negeri. Pensampelan rawak mudah berkadartelah digunakan untuk memilih firma-firma kontraktor bangunan. Responden bagikajian ini adalah kontraktor bangunan yang berdaftar dengan Badan PembangunanIndustri Pembinaan (CIDB) di dua belas (12) buah negeri di Semenanjung Malaysia.Buku panduan CIDB, yang diterbitkan dalam bulan Disember, tahun 2012 telahdigunakan untuk mendapatkan populasi bagi kajian ini. Sejumlah 500 borang, yangmengandungi soal selidik kendiri berstruktur telah dikirim kepada responden.Sejumlah 293 borang soal selidik yang lengkap diisi dan berguna telah dikembalikan,menghasilkan kadar respons 58.6 peratus. Untuk mencapai objektif pertama kajianini, skor min bagi daya inovatif hijau firma telah dihitung menggunakan statistikperihalan. Tafsiran skala Likert telah diguna pakai dan lima kategori pengamalinovasi yang diubah suai daripada kajian lepas telah digunakan untuk mentafsirkandaya inovasi hijau skor min yang diperoleh daripada statistik perihalan. Analisisfaktor eksploratori dilakukan ke atas faktor dalaman dan luaran firma dan dayainovatif hijau. Seterusnya, korelasi Pearson dan regresi berganda lazim telah14

digunakan untuk meneliti perhubungan di antara faktor dalaman, luaran firma dandaya inovatif kalangan kontraktor bangunan di Malaysia. Hasil analisis korelasimenunjukkan bahawa daya inovatif hijau dikalangan kontraktor bangunan diMalaysia mempunyai hubungan yang positif dan kuat dengan budaya alam sekitar,keupayaan alam sekitar, dan faktor luaran firma. Sementara itu hubungannya nanalisisregresijugamenunjukkan bahawa budaya alam sekitar firma memberi kesan yang tertinggiterhadap daya inovatif hijau dikalangan kontraktor bangunan, diikuti oleh keupayaanalam sekitar, dan faktor luaran. Sebaliknya, struktur firma tidak mempunyai kesanyang signifikan terhadap daya inovatif hijau. Pada keseluruhannya dapatan kajian inikonsisten dengan dapatan oleh kajian-kajian lalu. Kajian ini mungkin bergunakepada semua pemegang kepentingan dalam industri pembinaan. Takrif dayainovatif hijau yang dikemukakan dalam kajian ini akan membantu usaha untukmemahamidengan lebih baik konsep inovasi hijau dalam konteksindustripembinaan. Selain itu, kajian ini telah memberi penjelasan yang lebih jelas tentangtakat daya inovatif hijau, selain tentang faktor-faktor dalaman dan luaran yang harusditumpukan bagi mempertingkatkan daya inovatif hijau dalam industri pembinaan diMalaysia.XV

INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FACTORS INFLUENCING GREENINNOVATIVENESS AMONG CONTRACTORS IN MALAYSIAABSTRACTPrevious researchers have proven that innovation is the key success factor forany firm. Unfortunately, only a few researches on green innovation have been donein the Malaysian contractors' context. The general objectives of this study were toassess the extent of green innovativeness among contractors in Malaysia, and toexamine the internal and external factors that influence their green innovativeness.Contractors were stratified according to states. A Proportionate simple randomsampling was used to select building contractors firms. Respondent for this studywerebuildingcontractors thatregistered withtheConstruction IndustryDevelopment Board (CIDB) in the twelve (12) states of peninsular Malaysia. TheCIDB directory published in Dec 2012 was used to obtain the population for thisstudy. A total of 500 structured, self-administered questionnaires were sent torespondents and 293 duly completed and useful questionnaires were returned,yielding 58.6 per cent response rate. To achieve the first objective of this study, themean score for firm green innovativeness was computed using descriptive statistics.Likert scale interpretation was adopted and the five innovation adopters categoriesadapted from the literature were used to interpret the green innovativeness meanscore obtained from descriptive statistics. Exploratory factor analyses wereperformed on firm internal, external factors, and firm green innovativeness. Inaddition, Pearson correlation and standard multiple regression were performed toexaminetherelationshipsbetweeninternal, externalfactors,andgreeninnovativeness among building contractors in Malaysia. The results of correlationxvi

analyses show that green innovativeness of building contractors in Malaysia has apositive and strong relationship with firm environmental culture, environmentalcapability, and external factor. Meanwhile, its relationship with firm structure is justmoderate.The results of regression analyses also show that firm environmentalculture has the highest significant impact on green innovativeness among building·contractors, followed by environmental capability and external factors. On the otherhand, firm structure has no significant impact on green innovativeness. Overall, thefindings of this study are consistent with that of previous studies. This study may beuseful to all the stakeholders in the construction industry. The green innovativenessdefinition provided in this study will help in better understanding of the concept ofgreen innovation in the context of the construction industry. Additionally, this studyhas shed more light on the extent of green innovativeness, as well as the internal andexternal factors that should be focused to enhance green innovativeness in Malaysianconstruction industry.xvii

CHAPTER!INTRODUCTION1.1 BackgroundThis study attempts to answer two research questions: What is the degree of greeninnovativeness among contractors in Malaysia; and what are the elements thatengender the contractors towards green innovation among contractors in Malaysia?Jain et al., (2010) in their study found different meanings to the term innovativeness.Firm innovativeness is characterized as the inclination or limit of a firm to embraceinnovative building items, development strategies, or techniques, or ideas, andbusiness frameworks that are new to the firm and/or the development business. Thedesign is for expanding benefits, as well as to address the issues of the clients or endclients, mulling over supportability and nature.Jain et al., (2010) further claimed that innovativeness has been perceived as a keyachievement component, not just for the general execution and development of firms,but also for their survival in an aggressive business. In the worldwide coliseum,innovativeness has been depicted as the answer for the difficulties confronting theconstruction industry universally. Morad (2010) believed that in order to achieveenvironmental and economic sustainability, there must be a pressing need to addressthese difficulties resulting from the business market dynamics due to the currentglobal economic crisis. Perhaps, problems like the low quality of products,relinquished activities, absence of focus by clients, and incapable and wastefulconstruction delivery systems are becoming prevalent in many developed and

undeveloped nations. Therefore, some countries have initiated innovative productsand processes in the provision of construction process.Therehave beensignificantresearchinterestsamongscholarsin the firminnovativeness across various fields such as sociology, economics, marketing, andmanagement, as well as industries such as manufacturing and construction (Knowleset al., 2008; Jain, et al., 2010). Advancement in this field of research has culminatedinto substantial number of research interests that focus on measuring innovativeness(e.g., Vazquez et al., 2001; Artz et al., 2003; Shook & Ganus, 2004), dimension ofinnovativeness (e.g., Hovgaar & Hansen, 2004; Wang & Ahmed 2004), andassessing factors that stimulate firm innovativeness (e.g., Nystrom, 2002; Sandvik &Sandvik, 2003; Theoharakis & Hooley, 2008; Tuominen, Rajalab & Moller, 2004;).The study of green innovation is somewhat in contrast to the conventional innovationand product development research and is relatively new to the scholarly world. Thedominant part of the early studies on green innovation primarily focussed theemergenceofgreendevelopment, and the relationship between the performance of green developmentand budgetary execution (e.g Beise & Rennings, 2005; Rennings & Rammer, 2009;Noci & Verganti, 1999; Foster & Green, 2000; Huang & Wu, 2010; Chen, 2011).However, as of late the scholars seems to broaden their scientific inquiry beyond ionsofenvironmentalinnovations, especially in the resources effectiveness enclosure and energy.According to Chen et al., (2006) green innovations have turned into one of the vitalstrategicdevicesPreviously,to achievecompaniessustainabledevelopmenthad often perceived2amongas pointlessmanufacturers.to put assets in

environmental activities. However, Porter and van der Linde (1995) found that strictecological regulations and prominent environmentalism have changed the aggressiveprinciples in practices. Green innovation identifies green items and procedures,incorporates innovation in technology in energy saving, contamination aversion,waste reusing, corporate environmental management and design (Chen et al., 2006).According to past empirical evidences (Porter, 1981; Porter & van der Linde, 1995;Chen et al., 2006), in order to be competitive in industry, most firms eagerly reshapesand strategizes their execution of green advancement enthusiastically. Therefore, thefocused principles are on the green innovations and competition relationship due tothe belief that green innovation and competition can enhance the value of products,and in many ways the cost of investments on environmental can be leveraged. Porterand van der Linde (1995) suggested that green innovations ensure the successfulnessof firms, enhance corporate outlook, and creating a win-win solution in mostcontention among economic and environmental problems.Constructions industry represents a significant portion of national trade. It is the mostdynamic services sectors, with a growing exports rate despite a downturn on theworld economy. It provides facilities to all end user and producers. Buildingcontractors play a vital role in delivering a successful completion of a project. afteragriculture,manufacturing and services. It is essential for a client to select competent contractorto increase the chances of meeting the client's requirement. Due to short life cycle ofproducts and fast-changing technology in green, firms must always stay competitive,strengthen and maintain their

Innovativeness.162 5.7.1 Correlation (Objectives 2, &3 . kajian ini adalah kontraktor bangunan yang berdaftar dengan Badan Pembangunan Industri Pembinaan (CIDB) di dua belas (12) buah negeri di Semenanjung Ma